Suppose you’ve ever been interested in the broad and intricate world of audio recording and production. In that case, a solid understanding of your gear is incredibly crucial starting with Microphone Basics: The beginner’s guide.
For many budding audiophiles and sound technicians, the prospect of selecting and using a microphone can feel overwhelming.
I can assure you that it doesn’t have to be. Armed with some fundamental knowledge, you will be able to navigate the world of microphones with confidence.
This comprehensive guide was designed to help demystify microphones and provide you with key basics that will prove invaluable whether you’re venturing into podcasting, starting a music career, or simply want to ramp up your audio equipment knowledge.
You might have dozens of questions raging in your mind regarding types, usage, positioning, and more.
You’re about to take the first step on an exciting journey that’s going to introduce you to a whole new realm—the incredible world of microphones.
How do Microphones Work?
Microphones are a staple in the world of sound recording and broadcasting.
They serve as translators, transforming our sound waves into an electrical signal that can be amplified, recorded, or transmitted.
But how does this seemingly magical process happen? Let’s dive in!
The Basic Principle
At the heart of every microphone is a thin piece of solid material called a diaphragm.
When a sound wave hits the diaphragm, it vibrates and pushes against a coil or capacitor, inducing an electrical current analogous to the sound wave.
This electric signal passes onto other audio gear for further processing.
Also Read: 25 Best Dynamic Microphones For Vocals & More In 2024
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is perhaps the most critical part of any microphone. Made from light materials such as paper, aluminum, or polyester film, its size significantly affects how the microphone picks up sound.
Larger diaphragms can move more air and thus are more sensitive to quieter sounds while smaller ones respond quicker to transient sounds.
Transduction Methods: Dynamic vs Condenser
Dynamic microphones work on electromagnetic induction. The diaphragm is connected to a movable coil positioned within a stationary magnet’s magnetic field.
Any vibration causes the coil to move within this field and generate an electric signal.
On the other hand, condenser microphones (also referred to as ‘capacitor microphones’) use a different transduction principle—which involves changes in capacitance due to diaphragm movement—to generate an electric signal.
In condenser mics, the diaphragm functions as one plate of a capacitor with a fixed charge, and when it oscillates upon receiving sound vibrations., it results in changes in capacitance—converting acoustic energy into electrical energy.
Role of Phantom Power
Condenser microphones require an external power source known as phantom power for functioning because they have active electronics that need power for operation—and that’s where phantom power comes into play.
An audio interface or mixer could supply this power.
Microphones are ingenious devices that perform the mindboggling complex task of converting sound pressure waves into corresponding electric signals.
This transformation is all due to the interplay of sensitive diaphragms and principles like induction or capacitance changes.
It’s easy to forget how sophisticated this all is when you’re simply talking into one.
Also Read: 25 Best Condenser Microphones For Pro & Home Studios In 2024
Types of Microphones
Microphones come in all shapes and sizes, each suited for a particular set of tasks.
There’s no definitive ‘best’ microphone — it all depends on the intended application.
Below are four principal types of microphones that you should get acquainted with.
Condenser Microphones
Condenser microphones, also known as capacitor microphones, are popular for their responsiveness and sound quality, making them an excellent choice for studio recording.
They have two plates: one fixed (the backplate) and one movable (the diaphragm), positioned very close together.
When sound waves hit the diaphragm, the distance between these two plates changes, creating an electrical signal.
These microphones are sensitive to loud sounds and can accurately capture high-frequency sounds.
However, they require a power source — typically 48-volt “phantom power” — because their design involves active electronics.
Dynamic Microphones
Next up are dynamic microphones – workhorses of the live sound world due to their robustness and generally less nuanced sound.
They operate via electromagnetic induction using a coil-magnet setup. A dynamic mic’s large diaphragm makes it ideal for dealing with high volume levels without distorting; this feature also leads to somewhat less sensitivity to high frequencies compared to condenser mics.
USB Microphones
In today’s digital age, USB microphones have become increasingly popular, particularly among podcasters, gamers, and Youtubers.
These mics have built-in analog-to-digital converters, which take the signal from the microphone capsule (which can be any type – dynamic or condenser) and convert it into digital data that your computer can understand.
The ease of plug-and-play functionality has skyrocketed these mics’ popularity for quick and simple setups; however, they aren’t typically used in professional studio recording due to somewhat limited audio quality compared to XLR microphones and lack of compatibility with traditional audio gear.
Ribbon Microphones
Last in line are ribbon microphones, known for their unmistakably vintage, warm sound.
Instead of a diaphragm, ribbon mics have a thin strip of metal (the ‘ribbon’) suspended in a magnetic field. When sound waves hit this ribbon, it moves within this field to create voltage.
While offering beautifully detailed and natural sound, these mics tend to be fragile and high-end, hence largely reserved for studio environments.
It’s worth noting that older or cheaper models can be damaged by phantom power.
Different types of microphones serve diverse purposes and help create the vast soundscape we enjoy in various types of media today.
This guide provides only the slightest insight into the tip of the iceberg; each type has its subtypes, characteristics, and ideal uses that you can dive into even deeper when choosing one for yourself.
Different Microphone Polar Patterns
Understanding polar patterns is essential for the optimal use of your microphone.
The term ‘polar pattern’ refers to the directionality or ‘pickup pattern’ of a microphone, i.e., how a microphone hears sound from different directions.
Depending on your specific needs, you may choose from among several patterns. Let’s discuss these in detail.
Cardioid
The Cardioid microphone picks up most sound from the front and rejects sounds coming from the sides and rear.
Its sensitivity pattern is heart-shaped, hence the name “Cardioid.” This pattern helps isolate unwanted noise and is ideal for live performances and studio recordings when you want to capture a sound source directly in front of the mic selectively.
It reduces the pickup of unwanted sounds from the sides and rear.
Also Read: 18 Best Cheap Microphones In 2024 [Quality Sound On A Budget]
Hypercardioid and supercardioid
For a tighter pickup area than Cardioid, we look at Supercardioid and Hypercardioid patterns.
These mics are even more focused on what’s directly in front while having slightly enhanced pickup at their rear compared to Cardioids.
Hypercardioids have the narrowest front pickup angle but a more significant rear pickup compared to Supercardioids—the choice between those would depend on your particular requirement for directivity versus background noise suppression.
Omnidirectional
As indicated in its name, an Omnidirectional microphone picks up sound equally from all directions.
This type lacks directionality- it is excellent for recording room ambiance or a group conversation where sound sources are distributed around it.
Because they pick up all surrounding noises, they may not be perfect for situations with high background noise levels.
Figure-8 or Bi-directional
Figure-8 microphones pick up sound equally well from both the front and back while rejecting sounds coming from the sides—forming an eight-like shape (hence the name).
They are extremely useful for stereo recording techniques or for situations where two sound sources must be picked up while rejecting noises from the sides.
Multiple Pattern Microphones
Multi-pattern microphones offer versatility by allowing switching between different polar patterns.
Some even allow blending between patterns for a customized response. They help adapt your microphone to various circumstances and requirements—a great feature if you need to utilize a single microphone for different recording environments and sound sources.
Understanding polar patterns will help you select the right microphone configuration for any recording scenario.
Whether interviewing a guest on your podcast, setting up mics for a drum kit, or trying to capture onstage audio during a theatrical performance, understanding how these different patterns work and when to use them will be decisive in determining the quality of your recordings.
Understanding Microphone Diaphragm Sizes
The diaphragm size of a microphone plays a significant part in determining the sound characteristics and overall audio quality your microphone will deliver.
In simple terms, the diaphragm is the heart of your microphone that receives sound and converts those acoustic energy waves into an electrical signal.
There are generally three sizes of diaphragms found in mics: large, medium, and small. Let’s take a detailed dive into these categories.
Large Diaphragm Microphones
Firstly, let’s talk about large diaphragm microphones. These microphones have diaphragms that usually measure one inch or even larger in diameter.
What sets these microphones apart is their sensitivity to sound – they tend to produce a warm vocal tone that can feel both familiar and pleasing to the ear.
Large-diaphragm mics are renowned for their ability to capture the richness and depth of various sounds accurately.
Besides, they offer a higher signal-to-noise ratio, making them ideal for studio recording where every detail matters.
However, due to their large size, these mics may sometimes seem somewhat heavy-handed when dealing with high frequencies and might not respond as quickly to transients as some other mic types do.
Medium Diaphragm Microphones
Next up are the medium diaphragm microphones, which aim to strike a balance between large and small diaphragms’ distinct advantages.
These ‘hybrid’ microphones tend to exhibit the smooth wide-frequency response of small diaphragms combined with the high SPL handling capability of large diaphragms.
In essence, this middle-of-the-road option tries to capture ‘the best of both worlds’, providing flexibility while maintaining brilliant audio quality for various recording situations.
Small Diaphragm Microphones
Last are what we call small-diaphragm microphones, which are appreciated for their precise response and ability to handle fast transients.
They often possess a diaphragm of half an inch or less in diameter. Small diaphragm mics are cherished for their accurate and uncolored output.
Although they might not offer the warmth provided by the larger diaphragms, they excel at capturing sharp, clear, high-frequency detail—the exact reason why they’re often used for recording acoustic instruments, cymbals, or any source with a lot of high-frequency information.
The choice between large vs. medium vs. small diaphragm microphones depends upon your specific recording requirements and desired sound characteristics.
Also Read: The Types Of Microphones & Their Uses
Choosing the Right Microphone Cable: XLR vs TRS
Understanding the types of microphone cables is equally important as knowing your microphones.
It might not seem vital initially, but you’ll soon realize that the right cable can make a world of difference to your sound quality.
Therefore, choosing between XLR and TRS isn’t as trivial as it looks!
XLR Cables
XLR cables, also known as microphone cables, are an industry standard for transmitting balanced audio signals.
Essentially, these cables contain three wires: one ground and two signal wires.
This configuration allows them to eliminate any noise interference picked up along the cable – a truly remarkable feature for sound quality stabilization.
A quintessential feature of XLRs is their sturdy design with a secure locking mechanism, thereby assuring solid connections and contributing to their durability.
TRS Cables
TRS cables, short for Tip-Ring-Sleeve, also carry balanced audio signals. As the name suggests, these consist of three parts: tip (T), ring (R), and sleeve (S).
Much like XLRs, they possess three conductors — left audio channel (Tip), right audio channel (Ring), and common ground or earth (Sleeve).
TRS cables are typically used for stereo signals, like what you’d find in headphones; however one can also use them for balanced mono signals needing only two conductors and a ground.
The choice between XLR and TRS eventually drills down to your specific needs—understanding which gear you’re using as well as knowing the environment where you’ll be recording or performing.
Do remember—the wrong cable can disrupt even the best performance! Now that you’re armed with this knowledge—go forth and create superior sound experiences without any unnecessary hiccups!
Microphone Applications
When it comes to microphones, one size does not fit all. The scenario of usage determines the most suitable microphone type.
So let’s look at different microphone applications!
1. Broadcasting & Podcasting
Broadcasting (both radio and television) and podcasting often require high-quality sound with a focus on vocal clarity.
Here, condenser microphones, especially large-diaphragm models, are a top choice.
2. Live Sound & Music
In live sound situations like concerts, dynamic microphones are go-to options due to their durability and ability to withstand high sound pressure levels without distortion.
3. Location Recording
Outdoor or location recording might need versatility in terms of polar patterns and frequency response. A matched pair of small diaphragm condenser mics can facilitate stereo recordings in such scenarios.
4. Studio Recording
For studio recordings like vocals or instruments, depending on the need for warmth or clarity, both large-diaphragm condenser mics and ribbon mics find their place.
5. Meetings & Conferencing
For meetings and conferencing situations, you would want omnidirectional or cardioid patterned microphones that focus on voice capture over ambient noise.
Depending on the application you’re working with, different types of microphones can help capture the best quality audio.
Whether you’re broadcasting your voice to thousands or simply capturing an intimate studio session, there’s a microphone built specifically for your needs.
Also Read: Microphone Pickup Patterns [Master Your Audio Recording Skills]
Microphone Basics: Plosives & Sibilance
Understanding plosives and sibilance is essential for producing clean, professional-sounding audio.
These are two common issues associated with voice recording that can adversely impact your audio quality if not addressed.
What Are Plosives?
Plosives are bursts of air that occur when you pronounce certain letters such as ‘b’, ‘p’, and ‘t’.
These sudden gusts strike the diaphragm of the microphone and create a harsh, low-frequency pop, rendering your audio unpleasant or even unintelligible.
So, how do you deal with plosives? Use a pop filter. It’s a screen placed between the speaker or singer and the microphone to physically diffuse the air being expelled from your mouth when pronouncing plosive consonants.
You’ll see one in practically any studio setting where people record spoken-word vocals.
What Is Sibilance?
Sibilance, on the contrary, refers to an excessively bright or harsh “s” sound—in other words, when the ‘s’ sound becomes pronounced more like a hiss in your recording.
A primary cause of sibilance is specific microphone technique—it often crops up when the speaker is too close to the microphone—and can also be stirred up by cheap microphones that boost certain high-frequency regions.
To handle sibilance, there are a couple of strategies:
- Change your microphone position: Moving the mic slightly off-axis can help reduce sibilance.
- Use a de-esser plugin: This software lowers volume whenever it detects an excessively loud “s” sound.
- Experiment with EQ settings: Remove some frequencies around 5kHz – 8kHz which is typically where sibilant sounds reside.
Understanding plosives and sibilance along with strategies to cope with these issues will help you achieve a better, cleaner sounding recording.
Remember, in the end, it’s your sound that’s going out to the world—make sure it sounds its absolute best!
FAQs About microphone
What is the main function of a microphone?
The primary function of a microphone is to capture and convert sound or acoustic energy into an electrical signal via a process known as transduction.
Are Dynamic microphones and Condenser microphones the same?
No, they are not the same. Dynamic microphones work on electromagnetic induction, while Condenser microphones utilize changes in capacitance to convert sound waves into electrical signals.
Which type of mics are more sensitive to quieter sounds, larger diaphragm mics or smaller ones?
Larger diaphragm microphones are more sensitive to quieter sounds because they move more air when capturing sound vibrations.
Why do condenser microphones require phantom power?
Condenser microphones require an external source of power, known as phantom power, due to their active electronic components which need power for functioning.
Is a USB Mic different from other commonly used mics?
Yes! USB mics differ from traditional types in that they include built-in preamps and A/D converters, allowing you to plug them directly into a computer’s USB port without requiring any additional hardware.
Conclusion
Understanding Microphone Basics is vital for anyone embarking on a journey in audio production.
We’ve covered how microphones work, the differences between dynamic and condenser microphones, and the importance of the diaphragm.
Now, you’re well-prepared to select a microphone that suits your needs. Remember, no microphone is best—it’s about picking one that fits your specific requirements and setup.
So keep experimenting until you find the sound you’re seeking; this is just the first step toward mastering your audio gear!
